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The term "domestic violence" as opposed to "domestic violence" is to the other forms of suffering physical injuries on the women (and men) are exposed by the partner. Many people are in the "unhealthy" relationships, it does not necessarily equal to that in a violent relationship but confusion can occur if the definition of this crime is to be extended. If "domestic violence" and not "domestic violence" the criminalization of the poor relations and remove focus from the true nature of this crime? Is it just semantics or extension definitions of "domestic violence" to "domestic violence" means the changes in society the perception of domestic violence and is accurate, to be involved?

According to the dictionary, the abuse is "V. 1 use of the bad effect or for a bad purpose 2nd treatment with cruelty and violence 3rd address in a way that is offensive and insulting", while violence is: "No. 1 behavior the physical force to injure, damage or kill 2nd strength of emotion or a destructive natural force "as inappropriate and cruel but can hurt - especially if there is a physical element, implied or if it is a history of physical harm to following, or in addition, verbal insults. There are interesting subdivisions of the two terms "abuse" and "violence". For example, in research by the Home Office, definitions of domestic violence victims interpretations. If different agencies with different conditions, how it is possible to specify what is or not, the behavior unacceptable and thus, whether such conduct constitutes a criminal offense.

What is domestic violence? In essence, it is when a current or former partner causes physical or emotional harm or injury to the other, where one partner is forced, either physically or emotionally, by the will of others (regardless of whether the perpetrator is male and female victims, or vice versa, or both partners of the same sex). While many domestic violence can include physical attacks by a man, whose wife, this is not an exclusive definition. Apart from physical attacks, there are emotional, financial and social constraints imposed by a partner on the other, and this may be a particular problem, if one partner is the only working adults, or if he or she earns considerably more than their partners. Emotional abuse may, if one partner constantly makes derogatory remarks, belittling the achievements and physical appearance, social constraints can manipulate their own movements with constant questions, where someone goes. Verbal attacks can cause almost as much anxiety as physical attacks, this is especially when it attacks of any kind are not only the primary victims (ie partner / ex-partner), but also against children, pets or other loved ones. Further, if verbal attacks or threats are often followed by physical abuse, victimization occurs at a different level than the fear of a physical attack can be as traumatic as the assault.

The Home Office defines domestic violence as "any violence between current or former partner in an intimate relationship, wherever and whenever the violence occurs ... [it] can be physical, sexual, emotional or financial abuse." This can only be to provide specific information about the victims and not as a legally binding definition, or for use in narrow interpretation of agencies (including criminal justice agencies). Given the fact that it interchanges violence and abuse, confusion can occur, and they expanded their definition in a brochure on domestic violence. The brochure describes the obvious of "punching" and "kicks" to the more questionable "to say that you are ugly", "you say, what to wear," "ask for a mistake" and "scream". The latter phrases and definitions are so broad they may in fact its purposes. Pragmatic interpretations can be clearly, politics, science and research, and perhaps even the police (in that the derogatory remarks and screams are part of the structure of the abusive behavior, as if in a particular case), but pamphlets and campaigns by the larger public can result that the meaning is lost. This is because, while arguments and disagreements - in different relationships - and yelling derogatory remarks are quite common, and the intention behind the comments may be less sinister than when used in conjunction with or as a set-up on the actual damage (physical or not).

Definitions can be misunderstood in other contexts as well. What happens if a bad relationship is verbally abusive, when a few shout insults at each other - and perhaps often with both parties culpable - is domestic violence? Could the potential for physical or verbal "attack" on one or other party that the police (or other agency) is required or necessary? Arguments, discussions (heated or otherwise) and even an occasional "outbursts" can help solve problems, and can release tension relationships healthier and stronger. What happens when neighbors contact the police concerned about the quantity of arguments: the domestic "abuse", not as domestic "violence", it means that police participation is mandatory for a simple argument? Are all relationships, the encounter rough periods of time, subject to monitoring, intervention and prosecution? This is obviously not what is expected in domestic violence was used as a word about the violence in the family, but, definitions / terminology (and any interpretation) remains a subjective, even if guidelines are.

Perhaps one of the main problems with the terminology is the method in which it creates confusion, misunderstandings and even apathy among the agencies - and the society as a whole - on the way to the crime of domestic violence themselves. Is domestic violence a crime only if it physical violence? Is it a crime if a man is crying so loud that the neighbors can hear him making derogatory remarks about his wife - perhaps not hear her answer because of the lower band that has this as domestic violence, even if no violence? Certainly, this seems to be the impact in an excerpt from the report of the Committee for display Marital Violence (1975) by the Metropolitan Police: "... general principle of the police ... not in a situation between a man and woman ... .. . in which the woman had some personal attack, any attack on a woman by her husband in the amount of injury of a serious nature is a crime ...". Here the focus is on the physical injuries - even though the English law, that attack is the fear of physical harm and not on the actual physical damage. This is known as a "technical assault" that "the defendant willfully or negligently causes the victim to understand immediate effect". Psychological trauma may be the constant threat of physical harm and any physical injuries, however, for such suffering, protection against harassment from 1997 can be used if the behavior "to fear" must be at least two occasions (ss .1 -3). Government publications use the term "domestic violence" and "domestic violence" are interchangeable - if the government does not know the difference, how can one else?

One reason for the change in relation to violence to abuse is that it makes the impact that physical violence is only whereas criminal "abuse" suggests that a variety of behaviors, from the partners. A wider definition may be victims of their partners are not acceptable. Problems can arise when the boundaries of terminology and interpretation blur. Would a man rather than specifically to his partner when both technically committed the crime of "domestic violence" on the basis of gender perception (ie, that women in the relationship rather than victims, as perpetrators, or that women are less likely to basic physical harm to the male partner)? Domestic violence can be a term is too narrow and restrict what people perceive to be a criminal act and worth reporting. The approaches of the different facilities at different locations can also make a difference if the police a positive response to the victims if they are actively involved in their relations with the domestic incidents due to a broader concept of "abuse" and then the use of such terms may be justified ,. An interpretation of the reflecting domestic violence can lead the police in previous situations that are otherwise left to the disastrous consequences for the victims and their families.

The Scottish Executive has to "domestic violence" when discussing domestic violence throughout the policy and campaigns. Although it is difficult to explain the reasons for the decision, it was agreed in September 1999 to the definition. In 1998, the Scottish Partnership on Domestic Abuse was established and a national strategy to ensure women have access to the necessary facilities, support, etc.

In 2001, the Protection from Abuse (Scotland) was introduced and the definition there says: "abuse" includes violence, harassment, threatening behavior and other conduct, or likely to lead to physical or mental injury, fear, alarm or distress ". A draft National Strategy was launched in October 2002: The main elements of the public awareness, education, training, services for women and children, work with men, the violence, legislation, and workplace strategies. The strategy has several campaigns aimed at perpetrators and victims, but also shows that neighbors, friends and others should be aware of domestic violence and not to ignore the signs. The first of these campaigns started in 1995 and it was aimed at offender - demonstrated especially during the programs, the majority of men would be to see (such as rugby and football World Cups). For some people it is not just a question of terminology and interpretation, victims and perpetrators " Culture can mean that they do not see their situation as the company of any outside influences.

Even internationally, municipalities rarely intervene in a country is inadequate and outdated domestic criminal justice and even then it is usually because the victim (s) from a Western country (ie UK / USA), or because of pressure from media and / or Celebrity sources. For some countries, crimes such as violence in the family can be regarded as minor infringements, but in the United Kingdom and other countries, such relationships can be abusive or implicitly violent. Every culture has certain interpretations of what is domestic violence, for example, Sokoloff and Dupont studied experiences of Japanese women understanding of domestic violence: overturning a dining table, or pouring liquid on a woman is big to them as slapping or pushing. Sokoloff and Dupont correctly believe that the social constraints which for some women to report abuse or abusive relationships, it may well be cultural constraints that women continue to isolate their victims. Moreover, women from traditional island communities living in Western society, they may be unwilling or unable to report domestic violence because of language barriers, fear of reprisals not only from their partners, but their own communities. This is reinforced when the victim and / or its partners are illegal immigrants, not only would the authorities to draw attention to their own legal resident status, they can also raise awareness of a community hitherto unknown authorities.

For the United Kingdom, the level of control over a spouse / partner, by the perpetrators of immigrants (whether legal or otherwise) may be even more acute by language, culture and community barriers and restrictions on access to support agencies. Home Office research on the definition of "advocacy services to black and other ethnic minorities, women, shows that problems can occur, where and when women are insecure about their rights and options available and that multi-agency support and Co - operation is essential in combating domestic violence in these communities. In some cultures, victims may be victims and perpetrators of violence and / or abuse and can not believe that such behavior is wrong, because illegal. Even if the victim and / or perpetrator recognizes that domestic violence and abuse is unacceptable, her country of origin may be unwilling to prosecute the perpetrators and protect victims, what then for those who apply for asylum? For in England, the Law Lords have ruled that they may be protected under the Geneva Convention - and thus achieve the rights of refugees and to gain protection of the English legal system and to remain indefinitely.

Other issues take precedence in the use of terminology and definitions that are capable of objective interpretation by the police. As Edwards explains in her book "Police Domestic Violence", the charity of violence against women is of the opinion that: "... The response of the police ... judgmental attitudes on the behavior of women who are victims, they can contributory ... the woman is "nagging", "hysterical" or a "slovenly housewife." Edwards further relates to Stanko, which indicated that: "Decisions about the arrest of a suspect's free .... with" disorderly conduct " and not as an attack ... all impact on how men are threatening or violent behavior will be considered administrative or criminal proceedings. " Edwards refers to the research of Chatterton who finds a reason for the lack of police intervention is a policeman on "...[ the] decision not to arrest with a reference to the moral qualities of his father ... counterposed against the mother, held to a sloppy home and was difficult and "mouthy." Thus, the drunken husband or partner who is abusive to the police rather than be arrested and the perpetrators of domestic violent husband or partner who is calm, collected and used more than manipulation violence to abuse his wife, or which have been taken on by a horrible woman. compassion for the victims apparently occurs only when it fits the stereotype of the weak and innocent wife or partner. Another factor may be the victim's appearance, so would be attractive to women as helpless and thus higher sympathy, and finally the intervention of the police.

Terminology and definitions can lead to problems in legal and other settings. In court, lawyers and judges can rely on the statutory conditions, while the victim, witnesses and jurors have an alternative understanding of the issues in dispute. If the abusive behavior in question is not physical, all references to "domestic violence" may be misleading, as violence that bodily injury. If no physical injuries were suffered, there can be confusion and false interpretations can lead to a different verdict had been clarified. Alternatively, if "domestic violence" is the meaning of lawyers when it obvious physical injury to the victim, there can be confusion as to what other actions are implied but not stated. Confusion may arise when the terms are used interchangeably and clarity is definitely needed if women are to defend themselves to the degree that the offender dies, and they are using murder and his defense is based on a history of abusive behavior by its [ now dead] partner. In such cases of "battered wife syndrome 'It may also clarify the problem of terminology: syndrome medical nature behind a legal definition often used in defense against murder charges.

The term "domestic violence" to "domestic violence" can expand the scope and it may mean that police officers interpretation of the crime on a wider scale, so that incidents that are not violent, but nonetheless damaging to the victims. In some incidents of domestic violence with little actual physical violence, but with the feeling of being constantly threatened victims, isolation and anxiety that they become violent, or that she (or he) will be manipulated so that they are disabled to leave, domestic violence can the police understand that intervention in such a case is not only acceptable but necessary. The Scottish Executive's terminology and definition makes such an interpretation: "... can include physical abuse (assault and physical violence) ... sexual abuse (acts which degrade and humiliate ... perpetrated against their will ... mental and emotional abuse (such as threats, verbal abuse, withholding money and other types of control of behavior such as family or friends). "This is a clear indication of the nature of the unacceptable and criminal behavior, an offense which justified the police. Of course, others need help in the comprehensive new terms and definitions: neighbors, teachers (many children witness domestic incidents) and emergency room personnel, as well as employers, etc. In the case of domestic violence is not considered to be the cause of stress or physical injury, what should or can we? When should they intervene, and where would they go? Is not it easier for people to simply ignore, as this is obviously a personal problem and the intervention?

While it may take up to society as a whole, to domestic violence, the frequency of occurrence, there are problems in trying to take the attitude and understanding of a situation such as a private or hidden. This is clearly supported by the Scottish Executive's own research into the response of the public on their campaigns against domestic abuse. " Respondents in 2005 and 2005/2006 showed little change in attitudes and understanding of family violence or domestic violence. While the research makes a reservation - that the funding and the availability of channels on which to show advertising on domestic violence has been substantially between the 2005 campaign and 2005/06 campaign, with the former less channels available, the figures appear to to indicate that the public on the whole do not change their perception of domestic violence.

One method for dealing with the various acts of domestic violence could be a specific offense of "domestic violence" in the statute, this offense should be definitions and meanings that are fully on. As the perpetrators are often associated with minor offenses, including "breach of the peace" or "Affray" and / or serious crimes such as "Assault Occasioning injury" and "breach", it may also be that a specific crime of domestic violence (or violence - depending on which is considered the best) would be some of the confusion. There is no doubt that leads to serious alarm or distress and / or bodily injury to a partner is not acceptable, but there are many different degrees of abusive behavior that such behavior under different laws - some antiquated - confusion a constant problem. If a certain offense, then the offense can be treated as other specific offenses (eg, arson, rape, vandalism, etc.). Current offenses can be included in a list of measures considered in the jurisdiction of such an offense. Specific deterrent sentences can be identified, including rehabilitation and / or cognitive therapy programs, as well as deprivation of liberty, methods, protection orders - with the power of arrest attached - can be included automatically. The police in 1998 recognized that the lack of a specific (and national) definition of "domestic violence" as problematic: "The lack of a nationally agreed definition of domestic violence is a major obstacle ... arrangement is a national definition of essential ... "It was in this context for effective monitoring of policy and the comparative analysis, it can be seen as an indication of problems widely experienced by officers. In 2000 it was noted that "standardized definitions of domestic violence and repeat victimization between the armed forces and other agencies" were essential to ensure that domestic violence could be effectively monitored. If the police, prosecutors and other agencies could be extended to certain law or a criminal offense, rather than relying on a multitude of crimes with which the offender fee, administration and other bureaucratic problems can be significantly reduced.

One of the few (probably the only one) actually explicit laws on domestic violence is the violence in the family, crime and victims of 2004. However, the offense of "domestic violence" is not specified, nor defined, it is simply a modification and clarification of what it can for those who are against "non-harassment orders, and provides an overview of the deaths which occurred in a domestic setting (in relation to these killings as domestic servants: p.9). This law refers to the findings and procedures, and allows the introduction of cohabiting couples are of the same sex - ie, the extension of the existing rules for the in homosexual relations. Other legislation deals with the effects of domestic violence and the problems of witnesses, which again is reason to fear or other reasons: law enforcement authorities in England and Wales, the use of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (p.23), where the filing of pleadings in the absence of oral evidence is admissible. However, authorities are reluctant to use such laws, since they rarely coincide with the cases in which witnesses not to attend. Indeed, the withdrawal of the statements has long been a problem in many prosecutions of domestic violence and cited as reasons for low conviction rates, but given the major problems of victims of domestic violence, it is unlikely that the only reason, and even if so, should not dissuade law enforcement authorities. Definitely categorizing an abusive relationship with a particular concept and the definition of the meaning of behavior as criminal (including mental, emotional, physical and financial behavior) may be to raise the conviction rates in this area of criminal behavior.

Other reasons for low conviction rates can juries' lack of understanding, given the large number of charges brought. The fee may also be common law personal injury, breach of peace, harassment or sexual violence, etc. These fees may mean, select the jury only , with whom they still understand (but incorrect). Indeed, in Scots law, "violence" still seems more abstract than the English law, in Scotland, assault is committed when a person is an assault on another with the intention of the direct physical injury to another person or fear of immediate injury to manufacture in his mind. "In English law, the attack is from someone if he was" with another person to understand the immediate application of unlawful force ... "or" Technical Assault. This offense is committed if the defendant willfully or negligently causes the victim to understand immediate effect. "In the protection from abuse (Scotland) Act 2001, it is an interpretation of the term" abuse "that:" ... including violence, harassment, threatening behavior and other conduct, or are likely to be, physical or mental injury, fear, alarm or distress ". All of these interpretations and definitions are undoubtedly cause confusion among stakeholders in the whole process.

The other side of the argument, however, is that bad relationships can be regarded as criminal, if definitions are too broad. As already mentioned, the good times and bad and argumentative couples are not uncommon. Because it can be seen as a good and healthy relationship, when couples release tension through arguments, even if they are derogatory. Insults can be hurtful, but the intention behind such behavior is not always criminal. While legislation such as the Protection from Abuse (Scotland) Act is to protect the people who are suffering (or likely to suffer) the systematic abuses, stating that "... all other behavior, or is likely to be. .. alarm or distress "is criminal, there can be confusion. Further, control funding is generally regarded as a person, the strength in a relationship, for various reasons - not all of them harmful. The partners have pushed at each other, each other (or hindered by alcohol, drugs, protection against the partners themselves to harm due to emotional turmoil or medical conditions, such as epilepsy).

It is not necessarily being suggested here that a man who protects his wife from their own self-harming actions could or would be subjected to the police under current definitions, but confusion can arise. Where there are isolated cases of "hurt" or "insulting" behavior, which is not a criminal, not as domestic violence. However, in the litigious society we now seem to be in civil actions could be included in criminal codes and partners who are revenge for various reasons could instigate domestic violence procedure under all definitions expanded. Most arguments to accept that alarm and / or distress in any form, especially in marriages or partnerships in view of the nature of the relationship, but not all "bad patches" to undergo criminalization.

Failed marriages, where insults are thrown, withholding money because of legitimate concerns about the ultimate goal of partners (eg, a woman or man, includes a bank account because they only want to prevent the payment of maintenance) fall into the competence of domestic violence because they are controlling money and the denial of access. It is undoubtedly an element of malice by one or both partners, this may include yelling and insulting each other. While pragmatic approaches are undoubtedly expects all agencies, complaints may occur when behavior is either ignored if it is indeed symptomatic of domestic violence, or if over-zealous police or law enforcement intervention in action being taken where none is. This is especially likely if different countries really different interpretations or definitions that deal with domestic violence. If officials in rural communities rather with domestic violence in a quiet, dignified "manner, to families and to protect the reputation in the small villages, while officials in the city are constantly on the arresting agency partners, the offensive , where is the consistency of the police given the fact that domestic violence, there are no national definitions and no specific offense of domestic violence.

Terminology can cause confusion, even discrimination, but it is doubtful it is the intention to do so. With regard to the enlargement of domestic violence to domestic violence, the inclusion of acts of perpetrators, which, when used as a pattern of behavior, show that domestic violence (physical or otherwise) is a problem in a particular household. Domestic violence may be the preferred terminology for some agencies, including the police and prosecuting authorities, but until we have a special, legal and definitive explanation of what is domestic violence (by the clarity in relation to the acts, can such an act or acts), law enforcement and conviction rates can remain low. Further, such legislation may allow the engagement of the general public, as awareness of a specific criminal offense can be more easily identifiable. A final statute / law shows not only that the government will not tolerate domestic violence, because they are specifically legislated against such behavior, it is also the authorities and the public to determine what is - and especially - what is not a criminal offense.

Domestic violence or abuse - whatever term is used - must be specifically defined to ensure that ambiguity is lost, that clarity is obtained and that the victims of these crimes can often refer to a specific offense, it can be to the police if the arrest of a perpetrator by prosecutors, if the charges in court and the judge in the totals to juries before they decide their judgments. Juries can then the conclusions on the basis of the evidence in response to a particular crime to the determination of the guilt.

Police this offense can not be easier, and the prosecution still moths, but by creating a specific definition of the crime and the measures should be included, ambiguity is reduced and a greater awareness occurs. Semantics is not the issue, the issue is the need for an effective policy, the understanding by the public and interested bodies in their dealings with such a wide (but hidden) problem. The change of perception, a change of attitude and support for domestic violence, all the time, money and inter-departmental cooperation; offenders and education for young people, their views (in view of the fact that many children witnessed the violence in the family and their behavior patterns, and understanding of violence as a problem-solving device) all need to be implemented. Otherwise we will continue to have a world full of hidden violence leads to distorted views about what is acceptable conduct towards others - especially in the family home.

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